IPC Section 11 vs BNS Section 11 – Definition of Person in Law
Indian Penal Code (IPC)
Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)
Section: IPC 11
Definition of “Person”
About IPC Section
Section 11 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, defines the word “person.” It states that the term “person” includes any company, association, or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.
This provision is important because criminal liability is not restricted only to natural human beings. It extends to legal entities such as companies, firms, and associations. For example, if a company commits fraud, pollution offences, or financial crimes, it can be prosecuted under IPC by virtue of this definition. Similarly, an unregistered group of individuals acting together can also fall under the meaning of “person.”
The section broadens the scope of accountability by ensuring that not only individuals but also organizations and collective entities can be punished if they engage in criminal acts. This has been especially relevant in cases of corporate crimes, where companies or directors are held responsible.
By providing a clear and inclusive definition, IPC 11 eliminates ambiguity about who can be an offender under criminal law. It recognizes the evolving nature of society where groups and institutions, not just individuals, may engage in unlawful acts, thereby strengthening the legal framework of accountability.
Section: BNS 11
Definition of “Person” under BNS
About BNS Section
Section 11 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, retains the same principle as IPC 11. It defines “person” to include any company, association, or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.
The purpose of this provision is to ensure that criminal responsibility extends to both natural persons (individuals) and legal or artificial persons (companies, firms, associations). This means that organizations involved in illegal activities—such as environmental violations, corporate fraud, cartelization, or money laundering—can be prosecuted under the BNS just like individuals.
This section reflects the growing recognition of corporate and institutional liability in modern society. With rapid industrialization, globalization, and the increasing role of corporations, it is essential that the law holds collective entities accountable for their wrongful acts.
Compared to IPC 11, the wording in BNS 11 is slightly more refined, but the substantive meaning remains the same. It ensures that no organization or group can escape liability simply because it is not a single individual.
Thus, BNS 11 strengthens the foundation of corporate and institutional accountability while continuing the same broad definition of “person” introduced in IPC.