IPC 48 vs BNS 48
● Retained in BNSDefinition of “Vessel”
Section 48 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, defines the term “vessel.” It states that the word “vessel” denotes anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings or property. This definition is essential because the IPC includes offences relating to navigation, piracy, and criminal acts committed on water bodies.
By defining vessels broadly, the IPC covers all types of watercraft — from small boats and canoes to large ships and cargo carriers. For example, if a crime such as theft, mischief, or hijacking occurs on a ship, the definition ensures that the craft qualifies as a “vessel” under the IPC, making the offence punishable.
This section plays a key role in distinguishing vessels from other modes of conveyance, such as vehicles on land or aircraft in the air, which are covered under separate contexts. The clarity provided by Section 48 ensures that crimes occurring on water are governed by specific provisions. Thus, IPC 48 strengthens the framework of maritime-related offences and ensures protection of both people and goods transported through water routes.
Definition of “Vessel”
Section 48 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, retains the same definition of “vessel” as IPC 48. It provides that a vessel means anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings or property. The wording is unchanged, reflecting continuity in India’s criminal law.
This section remains significant in the BNS because India continues to rely heavily on maritime transport for trade, travel, and defense. By including all types of watercraft within the definition of vessel, the BNS ensures that offences such as theft on ships, piracy, unlawful damage, or mutiny fall within its scope.
The retention of this section also shows that lawmakers intended to preserve consistency in interpreting crimes committed on water. For example, if property is illegally damaged on a ferry or passengers are harmed on a cargo ship, the criminal liability attaches under provisions that apply to “vessels.”
Thus, BNS 48 continues the IPC framework, ensuring seamless coverage of maritime offences. It provides a clear definition to aid courts, law enforcement, and maritime authorities in addressing crimes committed on watercraft.
What changed?
This provision was carried over to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita with substantially the same wording — the section was renumbered from IPC IPC 48 to BNS BNS 48.